23. Ring data structure¶
23.1. Introduction¶
.source: rings are derived from the earlier use of double-ended queues (deques). RB found that most of the deque features were unused (see item 6 of mail.richard.1996-03-25.16-02) and so the simple doubly-linked list structure of rings suffices.
23.2. Description¶
-
RingStruct *
Ring¶
.def.ring: Rings are circular doubly-linked lists of ring “nodes”. The nodes are fields of structures which are the “elements” of the ring.
Ring node structures (RingStruct) are inlined in the structures on
the ring, like this:
typedef struct FooStruct *Foo; /* the element type */
typedef struct FooStruct { /* the element structure */
int baz, bim;
RingStruct ring; /* the ring node */
float bip, bop;
} FooStruct;
This arrangement means that they do not need to be managed separately. This is especially useful in avoiding re-entrancy and bootstrapping problems in the memory manager. Rings also provide flexible insertion and deletion because the entire ring can be found from any node.
In the MPS, rings are used to connect a “parent” structure (such as a
Arena) to a number of “child” structures (such as Pool), as
shown in .fig.ring.
.fig.ring: A ring of Child objects owned by a Parent
object.
[missing figure]
.fig.empty: An empty ring of Child objects owned by a Parent
object.
[missing figure]
.def.singleton: A “singleton” ring is a ring containing one node, whose previous and next nodes are itself (see .fig.single).
.fig.single: A singleton Child object not on any ring.
[missing figure]
.fig.elt: How RING_ELT() gets a parent pointer from a node pointer.
[missing figure]
23.3. Interface¶
23.3.1. Init / Finish¶
.init: Rings are initialized with the RingInit() function. They
are initialized to be a singleton ring (.def.singleton).
.finish: Rings are finished with the RingFinish() function. A
ring must be a singleton ring before it can be finished (it is an
error to attempt to finish a non-singleton ring).
23.3.2. Checking¶
.check: RingCheck() is the check function for rings. See
design.mps.check).
.check.single: RingCheckSingle() is a check function that
additionally checks that ring is a singleton (see
.def.singleton).
.is.single: Return TRUE if ring is a singleton (see
.def.singleton).
.length: Return the number of elements in the ring, not counting
ring itself. This therefore returns 0 for singleton rings, and for
parent-children rings it returns the number of children.
23.3.3. Iteration¶
.for: A macro is used for iterating over the elements in a ring.
This macro is called RING_FOR(). RING_FOR() takes three arguments.
The first is an iteration variable: node. The second is the
“parent” element in the ring: ring. The third is a variable used
by the iterator for working state (it holds a pointer to the next
node): next. All arguments must be of type Ring. The node
and next variables must be declared and in scope already. All
elements except for the “parent” element are iterated over. The macro
expands to a for statement. During execution of the loop, the
node variable (the first argument to the macro) will be the value
of successive elements in the Ring (at the beginning of the statement
in the body of the loop).
.for.error: It is an error (possibly unchecked) for the node
and next variables to be modified except implicitly by using this
iterator.
.for.safe: It is safe to delete the current node during the iteration.
.for.ex: An example:
Ring node, nextNode;
RING_FOR(node, &parent->childRing, nextNode) {
Child child = RING_ELT(Child, ParentRing, node);
foo(child);
}
.for.ex.elt: Notice the idiomatic use of RING_ELT() which is
almost universal when using RING_FOR().
23.3.4. Element access¶
.next: RingNext() returns the next node in the ring.
.prev: RingPrev() returns the previous node in the ring.
.elt: RING_ELT() is a macro that converts a pointer to a ring
structure into a pointer to the enclosing parent structure.
RING_ELT() has three arguments which are, in order: type, the
type of a pointer to the enclosing structure, field, the name of
the ring structure field within it, ring, the ring node. The
result is a pointer to the enclosing structure.
Note
RING_ELT() does not work for arrays of rings.
23.3.5. Append / Remove¶
.append: RingAppend() appends a singleton ring to a ring (such
that the newly added element will be last in the iteration sequence).
.insert: RingInsert() adds a singleton ring to a ring (such that
the newly added element will be first in the iteration sequence).
.remove: RingRemove() removes an element from a ring. The newly
removed element becomes a singleton ring. It is an error for the
element to already be a singleton.
.improve.join: It would be possible to add a RingJoin() operation
that joined two rings. This is not done as it is not required.
23.4. Naming¶
.naming: By convention, when one structure Parent contains one
ring of Child structures, the field in Parent is usually known
as childRing, and the field in Child is known as
parentRing. If the Parent structure contains more than one
ring of Child structures, then they should have names like
allocatedChildRing and freeChildRing.
.naming.rule.break: Note the slight abuse of naming convention, in
that the ring members have names ending in Ring rather than
RingStruct.
23.5. Deques¶
This section documents where rings differ significantly from deques.
.head: Deques used a distinguished head structure for the head of the ring. Rings still have a separate head structure, but it is not distinguished by type.
23.6. Defects¶
This section documents known defects with the current design.
.app_for.misuse: It is easy to pass RingAppend() and
RING_FOR() the arguments in the wrong order as all the arguments
have the same type.
.check.improve: There is no method for performing a full integrity check. This could be added.
