.. sources: ``_ .. index:: single: root; introduction .. _topic-root: Roots ===== :term:`Roots` tell the :term:`garbage collector` where to start :term:`tracing `. The garbage collector determines which blocks are :term:`reachable` from the roots, and (in :term:`automatically managed ` :term:`pools`) reclaims the :term:`unreachable` blocks. This is quite efficient and can be a very good approximation to :term:`liveness `. It is therefore important that all :term:`references` that the :term:`client program` can directly access are registered as roots, otherwise the garbage collector might recycle an object that would be used in the future. Some collectors, for example Boehm's, assume that all references stored in static data are roots; the Memory Pool System is more flexible, but requires the client program to declare which references are roots. .. index:: single: root; registering Registering roots ----------------- You can register a root at any time by calling one of the ``mps_root_create`` functions. Roots may not be registered twice, and no two roots may overlap (that is, each reference is :term:`fixed` by at most one root). Roots may be: #. in :term:`registers`; #. on the program's :term:`control stack`; #. in the program's static data; #. in :term:`heap` not managed by the MPS (provided that you destroy the root before freeing it; see :ref:`the Scheme interpreter's global symbol table ` for an example); #. in :term:`manually managed ` pools (provided that you remove the root before freeing it). Roots must not be in memory that is subject to :term:`garbage collection` (and so roots must not be in :term:`automatically managed ` pools). When you register a root you describe to the MPS how to :term:`scan` it for references, providing your own scanning function in the cases of :c:func:`mps_root_create` and :c:func:`mps_root_create_fmt`. Such a root scanning function must follow the :ref:`topic-scanning-protocol`. All the references in a root are of the same :term:`rank` (just as in a :term:`formatted object`). So they are all :term:`exact `, :term:`ambiguous ` or :term:`weak `. .. note:: If the rank of the root is :term:`exact `, or :term:`weak `, the references in the root must always be valid while the root is registered: that is, they must be references to actual objects or null pointers. This could be immediately after the root is registered, so the root must be valid before it is registered. .. note:: As with :ref:`scanning ` in general, it's safe to :term:`fix` references that point to memory not managed by the MPS. These will be ignored. Roots can be deregistered at any time by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. All roots registered in an :term:`arena` must be deregistered before the arena is destroyed. There are four ways to register a root, depending on how you need to scan it for references: #. :c:func:`mps_root_create` if you need a custom root scanning function (of type :c:type:`mps_root_scan_t`); #. :c:func:`mps_root_create_fmt` if the root consists of a block of objects belonging to an :term:`object format`, which can be scanned by the format's :term:`scan method` (of type :c:type:`mps_fmt_scan_t`); #. :c:func:`mps_root_create_area` if the root consists of an area of memory; #. :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread` if the root consists of the :term:`registers` and :term:`control stack` of a thread. See :ref:`topic-root-thread` below. Several of these categories of roots have variants for dealing with :term:`tagged references`. See :ref:`topic-scanning-tag`. .. index:: pair: root; cautions Cautions -------- Creating a root and then registering is similar to reserving a block and then committing it (in the :ref:`topic-allocation-point-protocol`), and similar :ref:`cautions ` apply. Before registering a root: #. The root must be valid (that is, the appropriate root scanning function can scan it). #. All :term:`exact references` in the root (references that are :term:`fixed` by the root scanning function) must contain valid references or null pointers. #. You must not store a reference in the root to a block in an automatically managed pool (such a reference is hidden from the MPS until you register the root, and may become invalid). So the typical sequence of operations when creating a root is: #. Initialize references in the root with null pointers or other safe values. #. Register the root. #. Fill in the references in the root. .. index:: pair: root; thread .. _topic-root-thread: Thread roots ------------ Every thread's :term:`registers` and :term:`control stack` potentially contain references to allocated objects, so should be registered as a root by calling :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread`. The MPS's stack scanner needs to know how to find the :term:`cold end` of the part of the stack to scan. The :term:`cold end` of the relevant part of the stack can be found by taking the address of a local variable in the function that calls the main work function of your thread. You should take care to ensure that the work function is not inlined so that the address is definitely in the stack frame below any potential roots. .. index:: single: Scheme; thread root For example, here's the code from the toy Scheme interpreter that registers a thread root and then calls the program:: mps_thr_t thread; mps_root_t stack_root; int exit_code; void *cold = &cold; res = mps_thread_reg(&thread, arena); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) error("Couldn't register thread"); res = mps_root_create_thread(&stack_root, arena, thread, cold); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) error("Couldn't create root"); exit_code = start(argc, argv); mps_root_destroy(stack_root); mps_thread_dereg(thread); .. index:: pair: root; rank Ranks ----- .. c:type:: mps_rank_t The type of :term:`ranks`. It is a :term:`transparent alias ` for ``unsigned int``, provided for convenience and clarity. .. c:function:: mps_rank_t mps_rank_ambig(void) Return the :term:`rank` of :term:`ambiguous roots`. .. c:function:: mps_rank_t mps_rank_exact(void) Return the :term:`rank` of :term:`exact roots`. .. c:function:: mps_rank_t mps_rank_weak(void) Return the :term:`rank` of :term:`weak roots`. .. index:: pair: root; mode Root modes ---------- The root mode provides a way for the client to declare various facts about a root that allow the MPS to make optimizations. Roots that are declared to be *constant* need not be re-scanned, and roots that are declared to be *protectable* may have barriers placed on them, allowing the MPS to detect whether they have changed. .. note:: The MPS does not currently perform either of these optimizations, so root modes have no effect. These features may be added in a future release. .. c:type:: mps_rm_t The type of :term:`root modes`. It should be zero (meaning neither constant or protectable), or the sum of some of :c:macro:`MPS_RM_CONST`, :c:macro:`MPS_RM_PROT`, and :c:macro:`MPS_RM_PROT_INNER`. .. c:macro:: MPS_RM_CONST .. deprecated:: starting with version 1.111. This was introduced in the hope of being able to maintain a :term:`remembered set` for the root without needing a :term:`write barrier`, but it can't work as described, since you can't reliably create a valid registered constant root that contains any references. (If you add the references before registering the root, they may have become invalid; but you can't add them afterwards because the root is supposed to be constant.) The :term:`root mode` for :term:`constant roots`. This tells the MPS that the :term:`client program` will not change the :term:`root` after it is registered: that is, scanning the root will produce the same set of :term:`references` every time. Furthermore, for roots registered by :c:func:`mps_root_create_fmt` and :c:func:`mps_root_create_area`, the client program will not write to the root at all. .. c:macro:: MPS_RM_PROT The :term:`root mode` for :term:`protectable roots`. This tells the MPS that it may place a :term:`barrier (1)` on any :term:`page` containing any part of the :term:`root`. No :term:`format method` or :term:`scan method` (except for the one for this root) may write data in this root. They may read it. .. note:: You must not specify ``MPS_RM_PROT`` on a root allocated by the MPS. No page may contain parts of two or more protectable roots. You mustn't specify ``MPS_RM_PROT`` if the :term:`client program` or anything other than (this instance of) the MPS is going to protect or unprotect the relevant pages. This mode may not be suitable if the :term:`client program` wants the operating system to be able to access the root. Many operating systems can't cope with writing to protected pages. .. c:macro:: MPS_RM_PROT_INNER The :term:`root mode` for :term:`protectable roots` whose inner pages (only) may be protected. This mode must not be specified unless :c:macro:`MPS_RM_PROT` is also specified. It tells the MPS that it may not place a :term:`barrier (1)` on a :term:`page` that's partly (but not wholly) covered by the :term:`root`. .. index:: single: root; interface Root interface -------------- .. c:type:: mps_root_t The type of :term:`root` descriptions. The :term:`arena` uses root descriptions to find :term:`references` within the :term:`client program's ` roots. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, mps_root_scan_t root_scan, void *p, size_t s) Register a :term:`root` that consists of the :term:`references` fixed by a scanning function. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``root_scan`` is the root scanning function. See :c:type:`mps_root_scan_t`. ``p`` and ``s`` are arguments that will be passed to ``root_scan`` each time it is called. This is intended to make it easy to pass, for example, an array and its size as parameters. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. This is the most general kind of root, but gives the MPS the least information to use for optimisation. Use a more specialized kind of root whenever possible. .. c:type:: mps_res_t (*mps_root_scan_t)(mps_ss_t ss, void *p, size_t s) The type of root scanning functions for :c:func:`mps_root_create`. ``ss`` is the :term:`scan state`. It must be passed to :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_BEGIN` and :c:macro:`MPS_SCAN_END` to delimit a sequence of fix operations, and to the functions :c:func:`MPS_FIX1` and :c:func:`MPS_FIX2` when fixing a :term:`reference`. ``p`` and ``s`` are the corresponding values that were passed to :c:func:`mps_root_create`. Returns a :term:`result code`. If a fix function returns a value other than :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK`, the scan method must return that value, and may return without fixing any further references. Generally, it is better if it returns as soon as possible. If the scanning is completed successfully, the function should return :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_fmt(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, mps_fmt_scan_t fmt_scan, mps_addr_t base, mps_addr_t limit) Register a :term:`root` that consists of the :term:`references` fixed by a scanning function in a block of :term:`formatted objects`. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``fmt_scan`` is a scanning function. See :c:type:`mps_fmt_scan_t`. ``base`` is the address of the base of the block of formatted objects. ``limit`` is the address just beyond the end of the block of formatted objects. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_thread(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_thr_t thr, void *cold) Register a :term:`root` that consists of the :term:`references` in a :term:`thread's ` registers and stack that are word aligned. This is the most common kind of thread root. This function is equivalent to calling:: mps_root_create_thread_tagged(root_o, arena, mps_rank_ambig(), (mps_rm_t)0, thr, mps_scan_area_tagged, sizeof(mps_word_t) - 1, 0, cold); .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_thread_tagged(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, mps_thr_t thr, mps_area_scan_t scan_area, mps_word_t mask, mps_word_t pattern, void *cold) Register a :term:`root` that consists of the :term:`references` in a :term:`thread's ` registers and stack that match a binary pattern, for instance tagged as pointers. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``thr`` is the thread. ``scan_area`` is an tagged area scanning function that will be used to scan the threads registers and stack, for example :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged` or :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged_or_zero`. See :ref:`topic-scanning-area`. ``mask`` is a :term:`bitmask` that is passed to ``scan_area`` to be applied to the thread's registers and stack to locate the :term:`tag`. ``pattern`` is passed to ``scan_area`` to determine whether to consider a word as a reference. For example, :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged` will not consider any word that is unequal to this (after masking with ``mask``) to be a reference. ``cold`` is a pointer to the :term:`cold end` of stack to be scanned. On platforms where the stack grows downwards (currently, all supported platforms), locations below this address will be scanned. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. .. warning:: A risk of using tagged pointers in registers and on the stack is that in some circumstances, an optimizing compiler might optimize away the tagged pointer, keeping only the untagged version of the pointer. In this situation the pointer would be ignored and if it was the last reference to the object the MPS might incorrectly determine that it was dead. You can avoid this risk in several ways: #. Choose to tag pointers with zero, setting ``scan_area`` to :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged` and setting ``pattern`` to zero. #. Set ``scan_area`` to :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged_or_zero` so that untagged pointers are scanned. This may lead to some additional scanning and retention. #. Use :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread_scanned` and set ``scan_area`` to :c:func:`mps_scan_area`: in this case all words in registers and on the stack are scanned, leading to possible additional scanning and retention. #. Write your own compiler with complete control over register contents and stack format, use :c:func:`mps_root_create_thread_scanned` and set ``scan_area`` to your own custom scanner, derived from the source code of :c:func:`mps_scan_area`, that knows the format. .. note:: An optimization that may be worth considering is setting some of the top bits in ``mask`` and ``pattern`` so that addresses that cannot be allocated by the MPS are rejected quickly. This requires expertise with the platform's virtual memory interface. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_thread_scanned(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, mps_thr_t thread, mps_area_scan_t scan_area, void *closure, void *cold) Register a :term:`root` that consists of the :term:`references` in a :term:`thread's ` registers and stack, scanned by an arbitrary area scanning function. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``thr`` is the thread. ``scan_area`` is an area scanning function that will be used to scan the threads registers and stack, for example :c:func:`mps_scan_area`, or a similar user-defined function. See :ref:`topic-scanning-area`. ``closure`` is an arbitrary pointer that will be passed to ``scan_area`` and is intended to point to any parameters it needs. Ensure anything it points to exists as long as the root exists. ``cold`` is a pointer to the :term:`cold end` of stack to be scanned. On platforms where the stack grows downwards (currently, all supported platforms), locations below this address will be scanned. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_area(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, void *base, void *limit, mps_area_scan_t scan_area, void *closure) Register a :term:`root` that consists of an area of memory scanned by an area scanning function. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``base`` points to the first word to be scanned. ``limit`` points to the location just beyond the end of the area to be scanned. ``scan_area`` is an area scanning function, for example :c:func:`mps_scan_area`, or a similar user-defined function. See :ref:`topic-scanning-area`. ``closure`` is an arbitrary pointer that will be passed to ``scan_area`` and intended to point to any parameters it needs. Ensure anything it points to exists as long as the root exists. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. .. c:function:: mps_res_t mps_root_create_area_tagged(mps_root_t *root_o, mps_arena_t arena, mps_rank_t rank, mps_rm_t rm, void *base, void *limit, mps_area_scan_t scan_area, mps_word_t mask, mps_word_t pattern) Register a :term:`root` that consists of an area of memory scanned by a tagged area scanning function. ``root_o`` points to a location that will hold the address of the new root description. ``arena`` is the arena. ``rank`` is the :term:`rank` of references in the root. ``rm`` is the :term:`root mode`. ``base`` points to a vector of tagged references. ``limit`` points to the location just beyond the end of the vector of tagged references. ``scan_area`` is an tagged area scanning function that will be used to scan the area, for example :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged` or :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged_or_zero`. The ``closure`` argument to ``scan_area`` is a :c:type:`mps_scan_tag_t` cast to ``void *`` See :ref:`topic-scanning-area`. ``mask`` is a :term:`bitmask` that is passed to ``scan_area`` to be applied to the words in the vector to locate the :term:`tag`. ``pattern`` is passed to ``scan_area`` to determine whether to consider a word as a reference. For example, :c:func:`mps_scan_area_tagged` will not consider any word that is unequal to this (after masking with ``mask``) to be a reference. Returns :c:macro:`MPS_RES_OK` if the root was registered successfully, :c:macro:`MPS_RES_MEMORY` if the new root description could not be allocated, or another :term:`result code` if there was another error. The registered root description persists until it is destroyed by calling :c:func:`mps_root_destroy`. For example:: #define TAG_MASK 0x3 /* bottom two bits */ #define TAG_PATTERN 0x1 /* bottom bit set for references */ /* Global symbol table. */ size_t symtab_size; struct { obj_t symbol; obj_t value; } *symtab; mps_res_t res; mps_root_t root; res = mps_root_create_area_tagged(&root, arena, mps_rank_exact(), 0, symtab, symtab + symtab_size, mps_scan_area_tagged, TAG_MASK, TAG_PATTERN); if (res != MPS_RES_OK) error("can't create symtab root"); .. c:function:: void mps_root_destroy(mps_root_t root) Deregister a :term:`root` and destroy its description. ``root`` is the root. .. index:: pair: root; introspection Root introspection ------------------ .. c:function:: void mps_arena_roots_walk(mps_arena_t arena, mps_roots_stepper_t f, void *p, size_t s) .. deprecated:: starting with version 1.111. If you think you need this, there's probably a better way to achieve what you're trying to do. :ref:`Contact us `. Visit references in registered :term:`roots` in an :term:`arena`. ``arena`` is the arena whose roots you want to visit. ``f`` is a function that will be called for each reference to an object in an :term:`automatically ` managed :term:`pool class` that was found in a registered root belonging to the arena. It takes four arguments: ``ref`` is the address of a reference to an object in the arena, ``root`` is the root in which ``ref`` was found, and ``p`` and ``s`` are the corresponding arguments that were passed to :c:func:`mps_arena_roots_walk`. ``p`` and ``s`` are arguments that will be passed to ``f`` each time it is called. This is intended to make it easy to pass, for example, an array and its size as parameters. This function may only be called when the arena is in the :term:`parked state`. .. seealso:: :ref:`topic-arena`. .. note:: If a root is :term:`ambiguous ` then the reference might not be to the start of an object; the :term:`client program` should handle this case. There is no guarantee that the reference corresponds to the actual location that holds the pointer to the object (since this might be a register, for example), but the actual location will be passed if possible. This may aid analysis of roots via a debugger. .. c:type:: void (*mps_roots_stepper_t)(mps_addr_t *ref, mps_root_t root, void *p, size_t s) The type of a :term:`root` :term:`stepper function`. A function of this type can be passed to :c:func:`mps_arena_roots_walk`, in which case it will be called for each reference into the :term:`arena` from a root registered with the arena. It receives four arguments: ``ref`` points to a reference in a root. The reference points to something in the arena. If the root is :term:`exact ` then the reference points to the start of an allocated block, but if the root is :term:`ambiguous ` it might point to somewhere in the middle of an allocated block. ``root`` is the description of the root which contains ``ref``. ``p`` and ``s`` are the corresponding values that were passed to :c:func:`mps_arena_roots_walk`.