.. highlight:: none


.. index::
   pair: keyword arguments; design

.. _design-keyword-arguments:


Keyword arguments in the MPS
============================



Introduction
------------
Up to version 1.111, the `Memory Pool System
<https://www.ravenbrook.com/project/mps/>`_ used varags to pass arguments
to arena and pool classes, because the general MPS interface can't
specify what arguments those classes might need in C prototypes. This
mechanism was error-prone and did not allow for any optional arguments,
meaning that the client had to specify or predict esoteric tuning
parameters.

Starting with version 1.112, the MPS uses an idiom for keyword arguments.

The keyword argument design was originally proposed in [RB_2012-05-24]_.


Overview
--------
The basic design is not specific to the MPS.  The keyword argument list is
passed as an array of argument structures which look like this::

    typedef struct mps_key_s *mps_key_t;
    typedef struct mps_arg_s {
      mps_key_t key;
      union {
        int i;
        char c;
        void *p;
        size_t size;
        /* etc. */
      } val;
    } mps_arg_s;

The argument list is assembled and passed like this::

    mps_arg_s args[3];
    args[0].key = MPS_KEY_MIN_SIZE;
    args[0].val.size = 32;
    args[1].key = MPS_KEY_MAX_SIZE;
    args[1].val.size = 1024;
    args[2].key = MPS_KEY_ARGS_END;
    mps_pool_create_k(&pool, some_pool_class(), args);

This can be written quite concisely in C99::

    mps_pool_create_k(&pool, some_pool_class(),
            (mps_arg_s []){{MPS_KEY_MIN_SIZE, {.size = 32}},
                           {MPS_KEY_MAX_SIZE, {.size = 1024}},
                           {MPS_KEY_ARGS_END}});

The arguments that are recognised and used by the function are removed
from the array (and the subsequent arguments moved up) so that if they
are all consumed the array has :c:macro:`MPS_KEY_ARGS_END` in slot zero on
return. This can be checked by the caller.

- It's not a static error to pass excess arguments.  This makes it easy to
  substitute one pool or arena class for another (which might ignore some
  arguments).  The caller can check that ``args[0].key`` is
  :c:macro:`MPS_KEY_ARGS_END` if desired.

- NULL is not a valid argument list.  This is in line with general MPS
  design principles to avoid accidental omissions.  For convenience, we
  provide ``mps_args_none`` as a static empty argument list.

- NULL is not a valid argument key.  This is in line with general MPS
  design principles to avoid accidental omissions.  Every key points to
  a structure with a signature that can be checked.  This makes it virtually
  impossible to get an argument list with bad keys or that is unterminated
  past MPS checking.


Internals
---------
Internally, keys are static constant structures which are signed and contain
a checking method for the argument, like this::

    typedef struct mps_arg_s *Arg;
    typedef struct mps_key_s {
      Sig sig;              /* Always KeySig */
      const char *name;
      Bool check(Arg arg);
    } KeyStruct;

They are mostly declared in the modules that consume them, except for a few
common keys.  Declarations look like::

    const KeyStruct _mps_key_extend_by = {KeySig, "extend_by", ArgCheckSize};

but ``arg.h`` provides a macro for this::

    ARG_DEFINE_KEY(extend_by, Size);

We define keys as static structures (rather than, say, an enum) because:

- The set of keys can be extended indefinitely.
- The set of keys can be extended by independently linked modules.
- The structure contents allow strong checking of argument lists.

In the MPS C Interface, we declare keys like this::

    extern const struct mps_key_s _mps_key_extend_by;
    #define MPS_KEY_EXTEND_BY (&_mps_key_extend_by)

The underscore on the symbol requests that client code doesn't reference
it, but instead uses the macro.  This gives us adaptability to change the
design and replace keys with, say, magic numbers.


The varargs legacy
------------------
For backward compatibility, varargs to arena and pool creation are
converted into keyword arguments by position, using a method in the
arena or pool class. For example::

    static void MVVarargs(ArgStruct args[], va_list varargs)
    {
      args[0].key = MPS_KEY_EXTEND_BY;
      args[0].val.size = va_arg(varargs, Size);
      args[1].key = MPS_KEY_MEAN_SIZE;
      args[1].val.size = va_arg(varargs, Size);
      args[2].key = MPS_KEY_MAX_SIZE;
      args[2].val.size = va_arg(varargs, Size);
      args[3].key = MPS_KEY_ARGS_END;
      AVER(ArgListCheck(args));
    }

This leaves the main body of code, and any future code, free to just
handle keyword arguments only.

Varargs methods must be thread-safe as they are called without taking
the arena lock.

The use of varargs is deprecated in the manual and the interface and these
methods can be deleted at some point in the future.


References
----------

.. [RB_2012-05-24] Richard Brooksby. Ravenbrook Limited. 2012-05-24. "`Keyword and optional arguments <https://info.ravenbrook.com/mail/2012/05/24/21-19-15/0/>`__".